What characterizes the sinfulness of the state into which man fell?

The sinfulness of the state into which man fell is characterized primarily by the guilt of Adam's first sin and the lack of original righteousness. This concept is foundational to Reformed theology and is rooted in the biblical narrative of the Fall in Genesis. When Adam and Eve disobeyed God, sin entered the world, and with it came the consequences of guilt that are imputed to all humanity.

This state of original sin means that every person is born with a sinful nature, lacking the original righteousness that was intended at creation. This is crucial because it underscores the doctrine of Total Depravity, which asserts that the fall affected every part of man: his mind, will, emotions, and body. As a result, all are in need of redemption and grace offered through Jesus Christ.

While the other choices touch on aspects of human experience or relationships, they do not encapsulate the theological understanding of humanity’s fallen state as effectively as the guilt associated with Adam's sin and the resulting lack of original righteousness. This understanding leads to a recognition of the need for salvation and the transformative power of God's grace in redeeming individuals from their sinful condition.