How is a covenant defined in a theological context?

In a theological context, a covenant is understood as an agreement between two parties outlining obligations and promises. This definition is rooted in the biblical understanding of covenants, which often involve commitments made by God to His people and by His people in response. For example, the covenant with Abraham includes both promises from God—such as making Abraham the father of a great nation—and the expectation of faithfulness from Abraham and his descendants.

Covenants in Scripture are relational and involve mutual obligations; they are not merely one-sided agreements or casual arrangements. They shape the identity and responsibilities of those involved, highlighting the importance of faithfulness and obedience to the terms set forth. This understanding connects deeply with the concept of salvation history, where covenants serve as foundational elements in God's relationship with humanity, paving the way for understanding Jesus Christ's role in fulfilling the ultimate covenant.

The other options do not capture this relational and obligation-focused nature of a covenant. A casual agreement lacks the seriousness and depth seen in theological covenants, while an official document from a religious authority does not encapsulate the idea of mutual promises. A unilateral promise from God, while important in the context of certain biblical covenants, does not reflect the full scope of the covenant relationship, which typically